@inbook {809,
	title = {Applications of gold nanorods for cancer imaging and photothermal therapy},
	booktitle = {Methods in Molecular Biology},
	volume = {624},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {343-357},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	chapter = {23},
	abstract = {This chapter describes the application of gold nanorods in biomedical imaging and photothermal therapy.  The photothermal properties of gold nanorods are summarized and the synthesis as well as antibody conjugation of gold nanorods is outlined.  Biomedical applications of gold nanorods include cancer imaging using their enhanced scattering properties and photothermal therapy using their enhanced nonradioactive photothermal property.},
	keywords = {cancer, gold nanorods, imaging, photothermal therapy},
	isbn = {1064-3745},
	doi = {10.1007/978-1-60761-609-2_23},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-609-2_23},
	author = {Huang, Xiaohua and El Sayed, I.H. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A and Grobmyer, SR}
}
@article {1116,
	title = {Aggregation of Gold Nanoframes Reduces, Rather Than Enhances, SERS Efficiency Due to the Trade-Off of the Inter- and Intraparticle Plasmonic Fields},
	journal = {Nano Letters},
	volume = {9},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Mahmoud, M. A. El-Sayed, M. A.},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {3025-3031},
	abstract = {It is usually observed and understood that aggregation of silver and gold solid nanoparticles gives rise to enhanced SERS spectra due to the increased plasmon field between the particles. In the present work, we observed that the increase of aggregation of Langmuir-Blodgett assembled 80 nm gold nanoframe particles reduces the efficiency of the surf ace-enhanced Raman spectra of adsorbed thiophenol molecules. Using discrete dipole approximation simulation of the plasmonic fields of a pair of nanoframes as a function of their interparticle separation, it is found that at large separation the fields inside the cavities are stronger than those outside. As the interpair separation decreases, the gain in the interparticle field does not make up for the loss in the field within the cavities, supporting the observation of the decrease in the SERS intensity with aggregation.},
	isbn = {1530-6984},
	doi = {10.1021/nl901501x},
	author = {Mahmoud, M A and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1139,
	title = {Au nanoparticles target cancer},
	journal = {Nano Today},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Jain, Prashant K. El-Sayed, Ivan H. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {18-29},
	abstract = {Nanoparticles with unique optical properties, facile surface chemistry, and appropriate size scale are generating much enthusiasm in molecular biology and medicine. Noble metal, especially Au, nanoparticles have immense potential for cancer diagnosis and therapy on account of their surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enhanced light scattering and absorption. Conjugation of Au nanoparticles to ligands specifically targeted to biomarkers on cancer cells allows molecular-specific imaging and detection of cancer. Additionally, Au nanoparticles efficiently convert the strongly absorbed light into localized heat, which can be exploited for the selective laser photothermal therapy of cancer. We discuss recent advances in the study and use of selectively targeted Au nanospheres in cancer photodiagnostics and photothermal therapy. By changing the shape or composition of Au nanoparticles, the SPR can be tuned to the near-infrared region, allowing in vivo imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer. The use of Au nanorods and silica-Au core-shell nanoparticles for in vivo cancer detection and therapy is discussed.},
	isbn = {1748-0132},
	doi = {10.1016/s1748-0132(07)70016-6},
	author = {Jain, Prashant K and El Sayed, I.H. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {835,
	title = {Aspect Ratio Dependence of the Enhanced Fluorescence Intensity of Gold Nanorods:  Experimental and Simulation Study},
	journal = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
	volume = {109},
	year = {2005},
	note = {doi: 10.1021/jp052951a},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {16350 - 16356},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	abstract = {Experimental observations and theoretical treatments are carried out for the band shape and relative intensity of the emission from gold nanorods of various aspect ratios in the range between 2.25 (1.5 theory) and 6.0 (9 theory). The calculation of the fluorescence spectra requires knowledge of the nanorod size distribution, the enhancement factors, and the shape of the unenhanced fluorescence spectrum. The size distribution is determined from the fit of the observed absorption spectrum for each value of aspect ratio studied to the theoretical model of Gans. The theory by Boyd and Shen is used for calculating the enhancement of the fluorescence spectrum of the previously observed weak emission of bulk gold, which originates from the interband transition. This is carried out for nanorods of different aspect ratios. To compare theory to the observed nanorod fluorescence spectra, which suffer from self-absorption, the calculated nanorod fluorescence spectra are corrected for this effect using the observed absorption spectra. The comparison between the observed and the calculated fluorescence band shapes is found to be good. The calculated changes in the relative intensities upon changing the aspect ratios are found to be much greater than that observed. This is due to the fact that for the observed emission of all the nanorods studied nonradiative processes dominate the relaxation mechanism of the excited state, a fact that was not included in the theoretical treatments.Experimental observations and theoretical treatments are carried out for the band shape and relative intensity of the emission from gold nanorods of various aspect ratios in the range between 2.25 (1.5 theory) and 6.0 (9 theory). The calculation of the fluorescence spectra requires knowledge of the nanorod size distribution, the enhancement factors, and the shape of the unenhanced fluorescence spectrum. The size distribution is determined from the fit of the observed absorption spectrum for each value of aspect ratio studied to the theoretical model of Gans. The theory by Boyd and Shen is used for calculating the enhancement of the fluorescence spectrum of the previously observed weak emission of bulk gold, which originates from the interband transition. This is carried out for nanorods of different aspect ratios. To compare theory to the observed nanorod fluorescence spectra, which suffer from self-absorption, the calculated nanorod fluorescence spectra are corrected for this effect using the observed absorption spectra. The comparison between the observed and the calculated fluorescence band shapes is found to be good. The calculated changes in the relative intensities upon changing the aspect ratios are found to be much greater than that observed. This is due to the fact that for the observed emission of all the nanorods studied nonradiative processes dominate the relaxation mechanism of the excited state, a fact that was not included in the theoretical treatments.},
	isbn = {1520-6106},
	doi = {10.1021/jp052951a},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp052951a},
	author = {Eustis, Susie and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1181,
	title = {The assignment of the different infrared continuum absorbance changes observed in the 3000-1800-cm(-1) region during the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle},
	journal = {Biophysical Journal},
	volume = {87},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Garczarek, F Wang, JP El-Sayed, MA Gerwert, K},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {2676-2682},
	abstract = {The bleach continuum in the 1900-1800-cm(-1) region was reported during the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and was assigned to the dissociation of a polarizable proton chain during the proton release step. More recently, a broad band pass filter was used and additional infrared continua have been reported: a bleach at <2700 cm(-1), a bleach in the 2500-2150-cm(-1) region, and an absorptive behavior in the 2100-1800-cm(-1) region. To fully understand the importance of the hydrogen-bonded chains in the mechanism of the proton transport in bR, a detailed study is carried out here. Comparisons are made between the time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy experiments on wild-type bR and its E204Q mutant (which has no early proton release), and between the changes in the continua observed in thermally or photothermally heated water (using visible light-absorbing dye) and those observed during the photocycle. The results strongly suggest that, except for the weak bleach in the 1900-1800-cm(-1) region and >2500 cm(-1), there are other infrared continua observed during the bR photocycle, which are inseparable from the changes in the absorption of the solvent water molecules that are photothermally excited via the nonradiative relaxation of the photoexcited retinal chromophore. A possible structure of the hydrogen-bonded system, giving rise to the observed bleach in the 1900-1800-cm(-1) region and the role of the polarizable proton in the proton transport is discussed.},
	isbn = {0006-3495},
	doi = {10.1529/biophysj.104.046433},
	author = {Garczarek, F. and Wang, Jianping and El-Sayed, Mostafa A and Gerwert, K.}
}
@article {1230,
	title = {Activation energy of the reaction between hexacyanoferrate(III) and thiosulfate ions catalyzed by platinum nanoparticles},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
	volume = {104},
	number = {47},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Li, Y Petroski, J El-Sayed, MA},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {10956-10959},
	abstract = {A temperature-dependent study was carried out for the platinum-nanoparticle-catalyzed electron-transfer reaction between hexacyanoferrate(III) and thiosulfate ions in the temperature range of 20-70 degreesC. The Pt nanoparticles are dominantly truncated octahedral in shape and have an average particle size of 7.0 +/- 0.8 nm. The catalyzed reaction is compared with the uncatalyzed reaction in the same temperature range. The activation energy of the reaction is found to be 38.3 +/- 2.0 kJ/mol for the uncatalyzed reaction and 17.6 +/- 0.9 kJ/mol for the catalyzed reaction in the lower temperature range (20-50 degreesC). In the higher temperature range (50-70 degreesC), the rate remains nearly constant. This behavior is attributed to the cancellation of two effects: the temperature dependence of the catalytic reaction and the decrease in the catalyst surface area due to the increase of nanoparticle aggregation.},
	isbn = {1089-5647},
	doi = {10.1021/jp002569s},
	author = {Li, Y. and Petroski, J. M. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1240,
	title = {Alloy formation of gold-silver nanoparticles and the dependence of the plasmon absorption on their composition},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
	volume = {103},
	number = {18},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Link, S Wang, ZL El-Sayed, MA},
	month = {May},
	pages = {3529-3533},
	abstract = {Gold-silver alloy nanoparticles with varying mole fractions are prepared in aqueous solution by the co-reduction of chlorauric acid HAuCl4 and silver nitrate AgNO3 with sodium citrate. As the optical absorption spectra of their solutions show only one plasmon absorption it is concluded that mixing of gold and silver leads to a homogeneous formation of alloy nanoparticles. The maximum of the plasmon band blue-shifts linearly with increasing silver content. This fact cannot be explained by a simple linear combination of the dielectric constants of gold and silver within the Mie theory. On the other hand, the extinction coefficient is found to decrease exponentially rather than linearly with increasing gold mole fraction x(Au). Furthermore, the size distribution of the alloy nanoparticles is examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) also confirms the formation of homogeneous gold-silver alloy nanocrystals.},
	isbn = {1089-5647},
	doi = {10.1021/jp990387w},
	author = {Link, Stephan and Wang, Z.L. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1250,
	title = {Application of liquid waveguide to Raman spectroscopy in aqueous solution},
	journal = {Applied Spectroscopy},
	volume = {52},
	number = {10},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Song, L Liu, SY Zhelyaskov, V El-Sayed, MA},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {1364-1367},
	isbn = {0003-7028},
	author = {Song, Li and Liu, S. Y. and Zhelyaskov, V. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
