@article {1097,
	title = {Comparative study of photothermolysis of cancer cells with nuclear-targeted or cytoplasm-targeted gold nanospheres: continuous wave or pulsed lasers},
	journal = {Journal of Biomedical Optics},
	volume = {15},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Huang, Xiaohua Kang, Bin Qian, Wei Mackey, Megan A. Chen, Po C. Oyelere, Adegboyega K. El-Sayed, Ivan H. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Sep-Oct},
	abstract = {We conduct a comparative study on the efficiency and cell death pathways of continuous wave (cw) and nanosecond pulsed laser photothermal cancer therapy using gold nanospheres delivered to either the cytoplasm or nucleus of cancer cells. Cytoplasm localization is achieved using arginine-glycine-aspartate peptide modified gold nanospheres, which target integrin receptors on the cell surface and are subsequently internalized by the cells. Nuclear delivery is achieved by conjugating the gold nanospheres with nuclear localization sequence peptides originating from the simian virus. Photothermal experiments show that cell death can be induced with a single pulse of a nanosecond laser more efficiently than with a cw laser. When the cw laser is applied, gold nanospheres localized in the cytoplasm are more effective in inducing cell destruction than gold nanospheres localized at the nucleus. The opposite effect is observed when the nanosecond pulsed laser is used, suggesting that plasmonic field enhancement of the nonlinear absorption processes occurs at high localization of gold nanospheres at the nucleus. Cell death pathways are further investigated via a standard apoptosis kit to show that the cell death mechanisms depend on the type of laser used. While the cw laser induces cell death via apoptosis, the nanosecond pulsed laser leads to cell necrosis. These studies add mechanistic insight to gold nanoparticle-based photothermal therapy of cancer. (c) 2010 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [DOI: 10.1117/1.3486538]},
	isbn = {1083-3668},
	doi = {10.1117/1.3486538},
	author = {Huang, Xiaohua and Kang, Bin and Qian, Wei and Mackey, M. A. and Chen, P. C. and Oyelere, A. K. and El Sayed, I.H. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1141,
	title = {Cancer cells assemble and align gold nanorods conjugated to antibodies to produce highly enhanced, sharp, and polarized surface Raman spectra: A potential cancer diagnostic marker},
	journal = {Nano Letters},
	volume = {7},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Huang, Xiaohua El-Sayed, Ivan H. Qian, Wei El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {1591-1597},
	abstract = {Human oral cancer cells are found to assemble and align gold nanorods conjugated to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) antibodies. Immnoconjugated gold nanorods and nanospheres were shown previously to exhibit strong Rayleigh (Mie) scattering useful for imaging. In the present letter, molecules near the nanorods on the cancer cells are found to give a Raman spectrum that is greatly enhanced (due to the high surface plasmon field of the nanorod assembly in which their extended surface plasmon fields overlap), sharp (due to a homogeneous environment), and polarized (due to anisotropic alignments). These observed properties can be used as diagnostic signatures for cancer cells.},
	isbn = {1530-6984},
	doi = {10.1021/nl070472c},
	author = {Huang, Xiaohua and El Sayed, I.H. and Qian, Wei and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1153,
	title = {Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {128},
	number = {6},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Huang, XH El-Sayed, IH Qian, W El-Sayed, MA},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {2115-2120},
	abstract = {Due to strong electric fields at the surface, the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by noble metal nanoparticles are strongly enhanced. These unique properties provide the potential of designing novel optically active reagents for simultaneous molecular imaging and photothermal cancer therapy. It is desirable to use agents that are active in the near-infrared (NIR) region of the radiation spectrum to minimize the light extinction by intrinsic chromophores in native tissue. Gold nanorods with suitable aspect ratios (length divided by width) can absorb and scatter strongly in the NIR region (650-900 nm). In the present work, we provide an in vitro demonstration of gold nanorods as novel contrast agents for both molecular imaging and photothermal cancer therapy. Nanorods are synthesized and conjugated to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) monoclonal antibodies and incubated in cell cultures with a nonmalignant epithelial cell line (HaCat) and two malignant oral epithelial cell lines (HOC 313 clone 8 and HSC 3). The anti-EGFR anti body-conjugated nanorods bind specifically to the surface of the malignant-type cells with a much higher affinity due to the overexpressed EGFR on the cytoplasmic membrane of the malignant cells. As a result of the strongly scattered red light from gold nanorods in dark field, observed using a laboratory microscope, the malignant cells are clearly visualized and diagnosed from the nonmalignant cells. It is found that, after exposure to continuous red laser at 800 nm, malignant cells require about half the laser energy to be photothermally destroyed than the nonmalignant cells. Thus, both efficient cancer cell diagnostics and selective photothermal therapy are realized at the same time.},
	keywords = {display},
	isbn = {0002-7863},
	doi = {10.1021/ja057254a},
	author = {Huang, Xiaohua and El Sayed, I.H. and Qian, Wei and El-Sayed, Mostafa A.}
}
