@article {1653,
	title = {Gold nanomaterials as key suppliers in biological and chemical sensing, catalysis, and medicine},
	journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects},
	year = {2020},
	author = {Falahati, M. and Attar, F. and Sharifi, M. and Saboury, A.A. and Salihi, A. and Aziz, F.M. and Kostova, I. and Burda, C. and Priecel, P. and Lopez-Sanchez, J.A. and Laurent, S. and Hooshmand, N. and El-Sayed, M.A.}
}
@article {1647,
	title = {Gold Nanoparticle-Assisted Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy Advances towards Clinical Application},
	journal = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry C},
	year = {2019},
	chapter = {15375},
	author = {Ali, M.R. and Wu, Y. and El-Sayed, M.A.}
}
@article {1644,
	title = {Gold nanoparticles in biological optical imaging},
	journal = {Nano Today},
	year = {2019},
	chapter = {120},
	author = {Wu, Y. and Ali, M.R. and Chen, K. and Fang, N. and El-Sayed, M.A.}
}
@article {1650,
	title = {Gold Nanorod-Assisted Photothermal Therapy Decreases Bleeding during Breast Cancer Surgery in Dogs and Cats},
	journal = {Cancers},
	year = {2019},
	author = {Ali, M.R. and Farghali, H.A. and Wu, Y. and El-Sayed, I. and Osman, A.H. and Selim, S.A. and El-Sayed, M.A.}
}
@inbook {1633,
	title = {Gold nanoparticles for cancer diagnostics, spectroscopic imaging, drug delivery, and plasmonic photothermal therapy},
	booktitle = {Inorganic Frameworks as Smart Nanomedicines},
	year = {2018},
	chapter = {2},
	author = {M. Aioub and L.A. Austin and El-Sayed, M. A.}
}
@article {1639,
	title = {Gold Nanorod-Photothermal Therapy Alters Cell Junctions and Actin Network in Inhibiting Cancer Cell Collective Migration},
	journal = {ACS nano},
	year = {2018},
	author = {Y. Wu and Ali, M. R. K. and B. Dong and T. Han and K. Chen and J. Chen and Y. Tang and N. Fang and F. Wang and El-Sayed, M. A.}
}
@article {1621,
	title = {Gold nanorods as drug delivery vehicles for rifampicin greatly improve the efficacy of combating Mycobacterium tuberculosis with good biocompatibility with the host cells},
	journal = {Bioconjugate Chemistry},
	year = {2016},
	author = {Ali, HR and et al.}
}
@article {1326,
	title = {The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine},
	journal = {Chemical Society Reviews},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Times Cited: 54Dreaden, Erik C. Alkilany, Alaaldin M. Huang, Xiaohua Murphy, Catherine J. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	pages = {2740-2779},
	abstract = {Gold nanoparticles have been used in biomedical applications since their first colloidal syntheses more than three centuries ago. However, over the past two decades, their beautiful colors and unique electronic properties have also attracted tremendous attention due to their historical applications in art and ancient medicine and current applications in enhanced optoelectronics and photovoltaics. In spite of their modest alchemical beginnings, gold nanoparticles exhibit physical properties that are truly different from both small molecules and bulk materials, as well as from other nanoscale particles. Their unique combination of properties is just beginning to be fully realized in range of medical diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This critical review will provide insights into the design, synthesis, functionalization, and applications of these artificial molecules in biomedicine and discuss their tailored interactions with biological systems to achieve improved patient health. Further, we provide a survey of the rapidly expanding body of literature on this topic and argue that gold nanotechnology-enabled biomedicine is not simply an act of {\textquoteright}gilding the (nanomedicinal) lily{\textquoteright}, but that a new {\textquoteright}Golden Age{\textquoteright} of biomedical nanotechnology is truly upon us. Moving forward, the most challenging nanoscience ahead of us will be to find new chemical and physical methods of functionalizing gold nanoparticles with compounds that can promote efficient binding, clearance, and biocompatibility and to assess their safety to other biological systems and their long-term term effects on human health and reproduction (472 references).},
	isbn = {0306-0012},
	doi = {10.1039/c1cs15237h},
	author = {Dreaden, E. C. and Alkilany, A. M. and Huang, X. H. and Murphy, C. J. and El-Sayed, M. A.}
}
@article {1094,
	title = {Gold Nanoframes: Very High Surface Plasmon Fields and Excellent Near-Infrared Sensors},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {132},
	number = {36},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Mahmoud, Mahmoud A. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {12704-12710},
	abstract = {The sensing efficiency or factor of noble metal nanoparticles is defined as the wavelength shift of the surface plasmon resonance extinction peak position per unit change in the refractive index of the surrounding medium. The sensitivity of different shapes and sizes of gold nanoparticles has been studied by many investigators and found to depend on the plasmon field strength. As a result, the sensitivity factors were found to be larger for hollow nanoparticles than for solid ones of comparable dimensions. This is due to the strong plasmonic fields resulting from the coupling between the external and internal surface plasmon fields in the hollow nanoparticles. In the present paper, the sensitivity factors of a large number of gold nanoframes of different size and wall thickness have been determined by experimental and theoretical computation (using the discrete dipole approximation method). The dependence of the sensitivity factors and the plasmon field strength on the wall thickness and the size of the nanoframes has been determined and is discussed. The sensitivity factors are found to increase linearly with the aspect ratio (wall length/wall thickness) of the nanoframes and are especially sensitive to a decrease in the wall thickness. In comparison with other plasmonic nanoparticles, it is found that nanoframes have sensitivity factors that are 12, 7, and 3 times higher than those of gold nanospheres, gold nanocubes, and gold nanorods, respectively, as well as more than several hundred units higher than those of comparable-size gold nanocages.},
	isbn = {0002-7863},
	doi = {10.1021/ja104532z},
	author = {Mahmoud, M A and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1119,
	title = {Gold Nanoparticles Surface Plasmon Field Effects on the Proton Pump Process of the Bacteriorhodopsin Photosynthesis},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {131},
	number = {7},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Biesso, Arianna Qian, Wei Huang, Xiaohua El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {2442-+},
	abstract = {The rate of the proton pump of bacteriorhodopsin photosynthetic system is examined in the presence of a gold nanorod plasmon field. It is found that while the rate of the proton dissociation from the protonated Schiff base is not affected, the rate of its reprotonation increases. These results are qualitatively discussed in terms of several possible mechanisms.},
	isbn = {0002-7863},
	doi = {10.1021/ja8088873},
	author = {Biesso, A. and Qian, Wei and Huang, Xiaohua and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1117,
	title = {Gold Nanorods: From Synthesis and Properties to Biological and Biomedical Applications},
	journal = {Advanced Materials},
	volume = {21},
	number = {48},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Huang, Xiaohuo Neretina, Svetiana El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {4880-4910},
	abstract = {Noble metal nanoparticles; are capable of confining resonant photons in such a manner as to induce coherent surface plasmon oscillation of their conduction band electrons, a phenomenon leading to two important properties. Firstly, the confinement of the photon to the nanoparticle{\textquoteright}s dimensions leads to a large increase in its electromagnetic field and consequently great enhancement of all the nanoparticle{\textquoteright}s radiative properties, such as absorption and scattering. Moreover, by confining the photon{\textquoteright}s wavelength to the nanoparticle{\textquoteright}s small dimensions, there exists enhanced imaging resolving powers, which extend well below the diffraction limit, a property of considerable importance in potential device applications. Secondly, the strongly absorbed light by the nanoparticles is followed by a rapid dephasing of the coherent electron motion in tandem with an equally rapid energy transfer to the lattice, a process integral to the technologically relevant photothermal properties of plasmonic nanoparticles. Of all the possible nanoparticle shapes, gold nanorods are especially intriguing as they offer strong plasmonic fields while exhibiting excellent tunability and biocompatibility. We begin this review of gold nanorods by summarizing their radiative and nonradiative properties. Their various synthetic methods are then outlined with an emphasis on the seed-mediated chemical growth. In particular, we describe nanorod spontaneous self-assembly, chemically driven assembly, and polymer-based alignment. The final section details current studies aimed at applications in the biological and biomedical fields.},
	isbn = {0935-9648},
	doi = {10.1002/adma.200802789},
	author = {Huang, Xiaohua and Neretina, Svetlana and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1128,
	title = {Gigahertz optical modulation resulting from coherent lattice oscillations induced by femtosecond laser pumping of 2D photonic crystals of gold-capped polystyrene microspheres},
	journal = {Advanced Materials},
	volume = {20},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Huang, Wenyu Qian, Wei El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {733-+},
	abstract = {A gigahertz all-optical modulation technique, based on a mechanism in which the modulation of the transmitted light is caused by the coherent oscillation of the phonon modes of gold caps on periodic polystyrene sphere monolayer arrays, is demonstrated. The modulation frequency can be tuned by changing the size of the polystyrene spheres.},
	isbn = {0935-9648},
	doi = {10.1002/adma.200701543},
	author = {Huang, Wenyu and Qian, Wei and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1133,
	title = {Gold nanoparticle plasmonic field effect on the primary step of the other photosynthetic system in nature, bacteriorhodopsin},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {130},
	number = {11},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Biesso, Arianna Qian, Wei El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {3258-+},
	abstract = {In regards to the effect of the surface plasmon field of gold nanospheres on the rate of primary steps leading to retinal photoisomerization in the photosynthesis of bacterirhodopsin (bR), 4 is believed that the light absorption of bR that leads to its retinal isomerization first involves the formation of a highly polar electronic excited state (1460) of the all-trans isomer which strongly polarizes the protein around it. This is followed by its decay to a viibrationally excited 13-cis isomer (J(625)). The effect of plasmonic field of gold nanospheres of different sizes and concentrations is found to slow down the rate of the isomerization of the polar electronic excited-state to the J625 but has no effect on the vibration relaxation of the isomeric state itself. This is consistent with the electrostatic nature of the plasmonic field.},
	isbn = {0002-7863},
	doi = {10.1021/ja7099858},
	author = {Biesso, A. and Qian, Wei and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1131,
	title = {Gold nanorod assisted near-infrared plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) of squamous cell carcinoma in mice},
	journal = {Cancer Letters},
	volume = {269},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Dickerson, Erin B. Dreaden, Erik C. Huang, Xiaohua El-Sayed, Ivan H. Chu, Hunghao Pushpanketh, Sujatha McDonald, John F. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {57-66},
	abstract = {Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) is a minimally-invasive oncological treatment strategy in which photon energy is selectively administered and converted into heat sufficient to induce cellular hyperthermia. The present work demonstrates the feasibility of in vivo PPTT treatment of deep-tissue malignancies using easily-prepared plasmonic gold nanorods and a small, portable, inexpensive near-infrared (NIR) laser. Dramatic size decreases in squamous cell carcinoma xenografts were observed for direct (P < 0.0001) and intravenous (P < 0.0008) administration of pegylated gold nanorods in nu/nu mice. Inhibition of average tumor growth for both delivery methods was observed over a 13-day period, with resorption of >57\% of the directly-injected tumors and 25\% of the intravenously-treated tumors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	isbn = {0304-3835},
	doi = {10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.026},
	author = {Dickerson, E. B. and Dreaden, Erik and Huang, Xiaohua and El Sayed, I.H. and Chu, H. H. and Pushpanketh, S. and McDonald, J. F. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1140,
	title = {Gold nanoparticles: interesting optical properties and recent applications in cancer diagnostic and therapy},
	journal = {Nanomedicine},
	volume = {2},
	number = {5},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Huang, Xiaohua Jain, Prashant K. El-Sayed, Ivan H. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {681-693},
	abstract = {Recent years have seen tremendous progress in the design and study of nanomaterials geared towards biological and biomedical applications, most notable among these being the noble metal nanoparticles. In this review, we outline the surface-plasmon resonance-enhanced optical properties of colloidal gold nanoparticles directed towards recent biomedical applications with an emphasis on cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Methods of molecular-specific diagnostics/detection of cancer, including strongly enhanced surface plasmon resonance light-scattering, surface-enhanced emission of gold nanorods and surf ace-enhanced Raman scattering, are described. We also discuss the plasmonic photothermal therapy of cancer achieved by using the strongly enhanced surface-plasmon resonance absorption of gold nanospheres and nanorods.},
	isbn = {1743-5889},
	doi = {10.2217/17435889.2.5.681},
	author = {Huang, Xiaohua and Jain, Prashant K and El Sayed, I.H. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1147,
	title = {Gold and silver nanoparticles in sensing and imaging: Sensitivity of plasmon response to size, shape, and metal composition},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
	volume = {110},
	number = {39},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Lee, Kyeong-Seok El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {19220-19225},
	abstract = {Plasmonic metal nanoparticles have great potential for chemical and biological sensor applications, due to their sensitive spectral response to the local environment of the nanoparticle surface and ease of monitoring the light signal due to their strong scattering or absorption. In this work, we investigated the dependence of the sensitivity of the surface plasmon resonance (frequency and bandwidth) response to changes in their surrounding environment and the relative contribution of optical scattering to the total extinction, on the size and shape of nanorods and the type of metal, that is, Au vs Ag. Theoretical consideration on the surface plasmon resonance condition revealed that the spectral sensitivity, defined as the relative shift in resonance wavelength with respect to the refractive index change of surrounding materials, has two controlling factors: first the bulk plasma wavelength, a property dependent on the metal type, and second on the aspect ratio of the nanorods which is a geometrical parameter. It is found that the sensitivity is linearly proportional to both these factors. To quantitatively examine the dependence of the spectral sensitivity on the nanorod metal composition and the aspect ratio, the discrete dipole approximation method was used for the calculation of optical spectra of Ag-Au alloy metal nanorods as a function of Ag concentration. It is observed that the sensitivity does not depend on the type of the metal but depends largely on the aspect ratio of nanorods. The direct dependence of the sensitivity on the aspect ratio becomes more prominent as the size of nanorods becomes larger. However, the use of larger nanoparticles may induce an excessive broadening of the resonance spectrum due to an increase in the contribution of multipolar excitations. This restricts the sensing resolution. The insensitivity of the plasmon response to the metal composition is attributable to the fact that the bulk plasma frequency of the metal, which determines the spectral dispersion of the real dielectric function of metals and the surface plasmon resonance condition, has a similar value for the noble metals. On the other hand, nanorods with higher Ag concentration show a great enhancement in magnitude and sharpness of the plasmon resonance band, which gives better sensing resolution despite similar plasmon response. Furthermore, Ag nanorods have an additional advantage as better scatterers compared with Au nanorods of the same size.},
	isbn = {1520-6106},
	doi = {10.1021/jp062536y},
	author = {Lee, K. S. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1154,
	title = {Gold nanoparticles propulsion from surface fueled by absorption of femtosecond laser pulse at their surface plasmon resonance},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {128},
	number = {41},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Huang, Wenyu Qian, Wei El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {13330-13331},
	isbn = {0002-7863},
	doi = {10.1021/ja064328p},
	author = {Huang, Wenyu and Qian, Wei and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1171,
	title = {Gold nanoparticle formation from photochemical reduction of Au3+ by continuous excitation in colloidal solutions. A proposed molecular mechanism},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
	volume = {109},
	number = {11},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Eustis, S Hsu, HY El-Sayed, MA},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {4811-4815},
	abstract = {A photochemical reduction of Au3+ with continuous 250-400 nm excitation is studied in ethylene Zalycol, and poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) is used as a capping material. After the absorption of Au3+ disappears, excitation is stopped. The surface plasmon absorption of gold as well as the thermal reappearance of the Au3+ absorption are found to increase as a function of time. The rates of these changes are studied as a function of the mole fraction of ethylene glycol in water. Experimental results show that a small amount of ethylene glycol increases the formation of gold nanoparticles and decreases the reformation of the Au3+ absorption after irradiation. Increasing the glycol concentration first increases the rate of formation of gold nanoparticles to a maximum at a mole fraction 0.40. As the glycol concentration is further increased, the rate of formation of the gold nanoparticles and the rate of re-formation of Au3+ decrease. A mechanism is proposed that involves the reduction of the excited Au3+ to Au2+ by ethylene glycol. This is followed by the disproportionation of Au2+ to Au3+ and Au1+. Both the reduction of Au1+ by ethylene glycol and its disproportionation lead to the formation of Au-0, which upon nucleation and growth form An nanoparticles.},
	isbn = {1520-6106},
	doi = {10.1021/jp0441588},
	author = {Eustis, Susie and Hsu, H. Y. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1169,
	title = {Gold nanoparticles: Catalyst for the oxidation of NADH to NAD(+)},
	journal = {Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B-Biology},
	volume = {81},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Huang, XH El-Sayed, IH Yi, XB El-Sayed, MA},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {76-83},
	abstract = {Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an important coenzyme involved in the production of ATP, the fuel of energy, in every cell. It alternates between the oxidized form NAD(+) and the reduced form dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and serves as a hydrogen and electron carrier in the cellular respiratory processes. In the present work, the catalytic effect of gold nanoparticles on the oxidization of NADH to NAD(+) was investigated. The addition of gold nanoparticles was found to quench the NADH fluorescence intensities but had no effect on the fluorescence lifetime. This suggested that the fluorescence quenching was not due to coupling with the excited state, but due to changing the ground state of NADH. The intensity of the 340 nm absorption band of NADH was found to decrease while that of the 260 nm band of NAD+ was found to increase as the concentration of gold nanoparticles increased. This conversion reaction was further supported by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. The effect of the addition of NADH was found to slightly red shift and increase the intensity of the surface plasmon absorption band of gold nanoparticles at 520 nm. This gives a strong support that the conversion of NADH to NAD(+) is occurring on the surface of the gold nanoparticles, i.e. NADH is surface catalyzed by the gold nanoparticles. The catalytic property of this important reaction might have important future applications in biological and medical fields. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	isbn = {1011-1344},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.05.010},
	author = {Huang, Xiaohua and El Sayed, I.H. and Yi, X. B. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {837,
	title = {Growth and fragmentation of silver nanoparticles in their synthesis with a fs laser and CW light by photo-sensitization with benzophenone},
	journal = {Photochemical \& Photobiological Sciences},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {154-159},
	publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
	abstract = {The photo-sensitization synthetic technique of making silver nanoparticles using benzophenone is studied using both a laser and a mercury lamp as light sources. The power and irradiation time dependence of the synthesized nanoparticle absorption spectra and their size distribution [as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)] are studied in each method and compared. In the laser synthesis, as either the laser power or the irradiation time increases, the intensity of the surface plasmon resonance absorption at 400 nm is found to increase linearly first, followed by a reduction of the red edge of the plasmon resonance absorption band. The TEM results showed that in the laser synthesis low powers and short irradiation times produce nanoparticles around 20 nm in diameter. Increasing the power or irradiation time produces a second population of nanoparticles with average size of 5 nm in diameter. These small particles are believed to be formed from the surface ablation of the large particles. The surface plasmon absorption band is found to be narrower when the nanoparticles are produced with laser irradiation. Throughout the exposure time with the CW lamp, the plasmon resonance absorption band of the particles formed first grows in intensity, then blue shifts and narrows, and finally red shifts while decreasing in intensity. The TEM results for lamp samples showed particle formation and growth, followed by small nanoparticle formation. The above results are discussed in terms of a mechanism in which, the excited benzophenone forms the ketal radical, which reduces Ag+ in solution and on the Ag nanoparticle surface. As the time of irradiation or the light energy increases the benzophenone is consumed, which is found to be the limiting reagent. This stops the formation of the normal large nanoparticles while their photo-ablation continues to make the small particles.},
	doi = {10.1039/B411488D},
	author = {Eustis, Susie and Krylova, G. and Eremenko, A. and Smirnova, N. and Schill, A. W. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
