<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allam, N. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yen, C. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Near, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El-Sayed, Mostafa A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacteriorhodopsin/TiO(2) nanotube arrays hybrid system for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy &amp; Environmental Science</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2909-2914</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1754-5692</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to improve the performance of photoactive nanostructured materials for water splitting applications. Herein, we report on the assembly and use of a bacteriorhodopsin (bR)/TiO(2) nanotube array hybrid electrode system. Photoanode materials composed of similar to 7 mu m long self-ordered and vertically oriented nanotube array of titanium dioxide films were fabricated via the anodization of Ti foil in formamide electrolytes containing NH(4)F at room temperature followed by sensitization of the electrodes with bR. The stability of bR on the TiO(2) surface was found to depend on the pretreatment process of the TiO(2) films. Our results demonstrate the opportunity to fabricate fairly stable bR/TiO(2) hybrid electrodes that can be used as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW/cm(2)), the hybrid electrodes achieved a photocurrent density of 0.65 mA/cm(2) which is a similar to 50% increase over that measured for pure TiO(2) nanotubes (0.43 mA/cm(2)) fabricated and tested under the same conditions. In the presence of a redox electrolyte, the photocurrent increased to 0.87 mA/cm(2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of bR/TiO(2) hybrid electrodes in photoelectrochemical water oxidation cells. We believe the proton pumping property of bR can be used in a variety of applications, especially those related to third generation photovoltaic cells.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WOS:000293213600037</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allam, Nageh K. Yen, Chun-Wan Near, Rachel D. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.</style></notes><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1039/c1ee01447a</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chu, L. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yen, C. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El-Sayed, Mostafa A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacteriorhodopsin-based photo-electrochemical cell</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosensors &amp; Bioelectronics</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">620-626</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0956-5663</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A simple solution-based electrochemical cell has been constructed and successfully employed in the detection of the photoelectric response upon photoexcitation of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) without external bias. Commercially-available indium tin oxide (ITO) glasses served as the optical windows and electrodes. Small amounts of bR suspensions (similar to 100 mu L) were utilized as the photovoltaic medium to generate the proton gradient between two half-cells separated by a molecular porous membrane. Continuous broadband visible light (lambda &gt;380 nm) and a short-pulse 532-nm laser were employed for the photoexcitation of bR. Upon the modulated cw broadband irradiation, an instantaneous rise and decay of the current was observed. Our observations of the pH-dependent photocurrent are consistent with previous reports in a bR thin film configuration, which also showed a polarity inversion at pH 5-6. This is due to the change of the priority of the proton release and proton uptake in the photocycle of bR. Studies on the ionic strength effect were also carried out at different KC1 concentrations, which resulted in the acceleration of the rise and decay of the photoelectric response. This was accompanied by a decrease in the stationary photocurrent at higher KC1 concentrations in the broadband excitation experiments. The solution-based electrochemical cell uses aqueous medium, which is required for the completion of the bR proton pumping function. Due to the generation of the stationary current, it is advantageous to convert solar energy into electricity without the need of film-based photovoltaic devices with external bias. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WOS:000283804400051</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chu, Li-Kang Yen, Chun-Wan El-Sayed, Mostafa A.</style></notes><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.013</style></electronic-resource-num></record></records></xml>