@article {1655,
	title = {Improving the Flow Cytometry-based Detection of the Cellular Uptake of Gold Nanoparticles},
	journal = {Analytical chemistry},
	year = {2019},
	author = {Wu, Y. and Ali, M.R. and Dansby, K. and El-Sayed, M.A.}
}
@article {1639,
	title = {Gold Nanorod-Photothermal Therapy Alters Cell Junctions and Actin Network in Inhibiting Cancer Cell Collective Migration},
	journal = {ACS nano},
	year = {2018},
	author = {Y. Wu and Ali, M. R. K. and B. Dong and T. Han and K. Chen and J. Chen and Y. Tang and N. Fang and F. Wang and El-Sayed, M. A.}
}
@article {1369,
	title = {The optical, photothermal, and facile surface chemical properties of gold and silver nanoparticles in biodiagnostics, therapy, and drug delivery},
	journal = {Archives of Toxicology},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1-27},
	isbn = {0340-5761},
	author = {Austin, Lauren and Mackey, Megan A. and Dreaden, Erik C. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A.}
}
@article {1368,
	title = {P-Glycoprotein-Dependent Trafficking of Nanoparticle-Drug Conjugates},
	journal = {Small},
	volume = {10},
	number = {9},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1719-1723},
	isbn = {1613-6829},
	author = {Dreaden, Erik C. and Raji, Idris O and Austin, Lauren and Fathi, Shaghayegh and Mwakwari, Sandra C and Humphries, William H and Kang, Bin and Oyelere, Adegboyega K and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1348,
	title = {Surface Assembly and Plasmonic Properties in Strongly Coupled Segmented Gold Nanorods},
	journal = {Small},
	year = {2013},
	note = {MEDLINE AN 2013463112(Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE))},
	month = {//},
	abstract = {An assembly strategy is reported such that segmented nanorods fabricated through template-assisted methods can be robustly transferred and tethered to a pre-functionalized substrate with excellent uniformity over large surface areas. After embedding the rods, sacrificial nickel segments were selectively etched leaving behind strongly coupled segmented gold nanorods with gaps between rods below 40 nm and as small as 2 nm. Hyper-spectral imaging is utilized to measure Rayleigh scattering spectra from individual and coupled nanorod elements in contrast to common bulk measurements. This approach discerns the effects of not only changing segment and gap size but also the presence of characteristic defects on the plasmonic coupling between closely spaced nanorods. Polarized hyper-spectral measurements are conducted to provide direct observation of the anisotropic plasmonic resonance modes in individual and coupled nanorods, which are close to those predicted by computer simulations for nanorods with ideal shapes. Some common deviations from ideal shape such as non-flat facets and asymmetric tails are demonstrated to result in the appearance of characteristic plasmon resonances, which have not been considered before. The large-scale assembly of coupled noble nanostructures with fine control over geometry and high uniformity provides means to strongly tune the scattering, absorption, and near-field plasmonic properties through the geometric arrangement of precisely controlled nanorod segments.[on SciFinder (R)]},
	isbn = {1613-6829},
	author = {Gupta, Maneesh K. and Konig, Tobias and Near, Rachel and Nepal, Dhriti and Drummy, Lawrence F. and Biswas, Sushmita and Naik, Swati and Vaia, Richard A. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A. and Tsukruk, Vladimir V.}
}
@article {1329,
	title = {Antiandrogen Gold Nanoparticles Dual-Target and Overcome Treatment Resistance in Hormone-Insensitive Prostate Cancer Cells},
	journal = {Bioconjugate Chemistry},
	volume = {23},
	number = {8},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Dreaden, Erik C. Gryder, Berkley E. Austin, Lauren A. Defo, Brice A. Tene Hayden, Steven C. Pi, Min Quarles, L. Darryl Oyelere, Adegboyega K. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {1507-1512},
	abstract = {prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in the developed countries.(1) One in six males in the U.S.(2) and one in nine males in the U.K.(3) will develop the disease at some point during their lifetime. Despite advances in prostate cancer screening, more than a quarter of a million men die from the disease every year(1) due primarily to treatment-resistance and metastasis. Colloidal nanotechnologies can provide tremendous enhancements to existing targeting/treatment strategies for prostate cancer to which malignant cells are less sensitive. Here, we show that antiandrogen gold nanoparticles-multivalent analogues of antiandrogens currently used in clinical therapy for prostate cancer-selectively engage two distinct receptors, androgen receptor (AR), a target for the treatment of prostate cancer, as well as a novel G-protein coupled receptor, GPRC6A, that is also upregulated in prostate cancer. These nanoparticles selectively accumulated in hormone-insensitive and chemotherapy resistant prostate cancer cells, bound androgen receptor with multivalent affinity, and exhibited greatly enhanced drug potency versus monovalent antiandrogens currently in clinical use Further, antiandrogen gold nanoparticles selectively stimulated GPRC6A with multivalent affinity, demonstrating that the delivery of nanoscale antiandrogens can also be facilitated by the transmembrane receptor in order to realize increasingly selective, increasingly potent therapy for treatment-resistant prostate cancers.},
	isbn = {1043-1802},
	doi = {10.1021/bc300158k},
	author = {Dreaden, E. C. and Gryder, B. E. and Austin, Lauren and Defo, B. A. T. and Hayden, S. C. and Pi, M. and Quarles, L. D. and Oyelere, A. K. and El-Sayed, M. A.}
}
@article {1328,
	title = {Detecting and Destroying Cancer Cells in More than One Way with Noble Metals and Different Confinement Properties on the Nanoscale},
	journal = {Accounts of Chemical Research},
	volume = {45},
	number = {11},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Dreaden, Erik C. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.Si},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {1854-1865},
	abstract = {Today, 1 in 2 males and 1 in 3 females in the United States will develop cancer at some point during their lifetimes, and 1 in 4 males and 1 in 5 females in the United States will die from the disease. New methods for detection and treatment have dramatically improved dancer care in the United States. However, as improved detection and increasing exposure to carcinogens has led to higher rates of cancer incidence, dinidans and researchers have not balanced that increase with a similar decrease in cancer mortality rates. This mismatch highlights a dear and urgent need for increasingly potent and selective methods with which to detect and treat cancers at their earliest stages. Nanotechnology, the use of materials with structural features ranging from 1 to 100 nm in size, has dramatically altered the design, use, and delivery of cancer diagnostic and therapeutic agents. The unique and newly discovered properties of these structures can enhance the specificities with which biomedical agents are delivered, complementing their efficacy or diminishing unintended side effects. Gold (and silver) nanotechnologies afford a particularly unique set of physiological and optical properties which can be leveraged In applications ranging from in vitro/vivo therapeutics and drug delivery to imaging and diagnostics, surgical guidance, and treatment monitoring. Nanoscale diagnostic and therapeutic agents have been in use since the development of micellar nanocarriers and polymer drug nanoconjugates in the mid-1950s, liposomes by Bangham and Watkins in the mid-1960s, and the introduction of polymeric nanoparticles by Langer and Folkman in 1976. Since then, nanoscale constructs such as dendrimers, protein nanoconjugates, and inorganic nanoparticles have been developed for the systemic delivery of agents to specific disease sites. Today, more than 20 FDA-approved diagnostic or therapeutic nanotechnologies are in clinical use with roughly 250 others in clinical development The global market for nano-enabled medical technologies is expected to grow to $70-160 billion by 2015, rivaling the current market share of biologics worldwide. In this Account, we explore the emerging applications of noble metal nanotechnologies in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics carried out by our group and by others. Many of the novel biomedical properties associated with gold and silver nanoparticles arise from confinement effects: (i) the confinement of photons within the particle which can lead to dramatic electromagnetic scattering and absorption (useful in sensing and heating applications, respectively); (ii) the confinement of molecules around the nanoparticle (useful in drug delivery); and (iii) the cellular/subcellular confinement of particles within malignant cells (such as selective, nuclear-targeted cytotoxic DNA damage by gold nanoparticles). We then describe how these confinement effects relate to specific aspects of diagnosis and treatment such as (i) laser photothermal therapy, optical scattering microscopy, and spectroscopic detection, (ii) drug targeting and delivery, and (iii) the ability of these structures to act as intrinsic therapeutic agents which can selectively perturb/inhibit cellular functions such as division. We intend to provide the reader with a unique physical and chemical perspective on both the design and application of these technologies in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. We also suggest a framework for approaching future research in the field.},
	isbn = {0001-4842},
	doi = {10.1021/ar2003122},
	author = {Dreaden, E. C. and El-Sayed, M. A.}
}
@article {1326,
	title = {The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine},
	journal = {Chemical Society Reviews},
	volume = {41},
	number = {7},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Times Cited: 54Dreaden, Erik C. Alkilany, Alaaldin M. Huang, Xiaohua Murphy, Catherine J. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	pages = {2740-2779},
	abstract = {Gold nanoparticles have been used in biomedical applications since their first colloidal syntheses more than three centuries ago. However, over the past two decades, their beautiful colors and unique electronic properties have also attracted tremendous attention due to their historical applications in art and ancient medicine and current applications in enhanced optoelectronics and photovoltaics. In spite of their modest alchemical beginnings, gold nanoparticles exhibit physical properties that are truly different from both small molecules and bulk materials, as well as from other nanoscale particles. Their unique combination of properties is just beginning to be fully realized in range of medical diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This critical review will provide insights into the design, synthesis, functionalization, and applications of these artificial molecules in biomedicine and discuss their tailored interactions with biological systems to achieve improved patient health. Further, we provide a survey of the rapidly expanding body of literature on this topic and argue that gold nanotechnology-enabled biomedicine is not simply an act of {\textquoteright}gilding the (nanomedicinal) lily{\textquoteright}, but that a new {\textquoteright}Golden Age{\textquoteright} of biomedical nanotechnology is truly upon us. Moving forward, the most challenging nanoscience ahead of us will be to find new chemical and physical methods of functionalizing gold nanoparticles with compounds that can promote efficient binding, clearance, and biocompatibility and to assess their safety to other biological systems and their long-term term effects on human health and reproduction (472 references).},
	isbn = {0306-0012},
	doi = {10.1039/c1cs15237h},
	author = {Dreaden, E. C. and Alkilany, A. M. and Huang, X. H. and Murphy, C. J. and El-Sayed, M. A.}
}
@article {1342,
	title = {Pronounced Effects of Anisotropy on Plasmonic Properties of Nanorings Fabricated by Electron Beam Lithography},
	journal = {Nano Letters},
	volume = {12},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Times Cited: 3Near, Rachel Tabor, Christopher Duan, Jinsong Pachter, Ruth El-Sayed, Mostafa},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {2158-2164},
	abstract = {Gold nanoring dimers were fabricated via EBL with dimensions of 127.6 +/- 2.5 and 57.8 +/- 2.3 nm for the outer and inner diameters, respectively, with interparticle separations ranging from 17.8 +/- 3.4 to 239.2 +/- 3.7 nm. The coupling between the inner and outer surfaces of a single nanoring renders it very sensitive to any anisotropy. We found that anisotropy in the particle geometry and anisotropy introduced by the substrate combine to create very unique spectral features in this system.},
	isbn = {1530-6984},
	doi = {10.1021/nl300622p},
	author = {Near, R. and Tabor, C. and Duan, J. S. and Pachter, R. and El-Sayed, M.}
}
@article {1327,
	title = {Size matters: gold nanoparticles in targeted cancer drug delivery},
	journal = {Ther. Delivery},
	volume = {3},
	number = {4},
	year = {2012},
	note = {CAPLUS AN 2012:489934(Journal; General Review; Online Computer File)},
	month = {//},
	pages = {457-478},
	publisher = {Future Science Ltd.},
	type = {10.4155/tde.12.21},
	abstract = {A review. Cancer is the current leading cause of death worldwide, responsible for approx. one quarter of all deaths in the USA and UK. Nanotechnologies provide tremendous opportunities for multimodal, site-specific drug delivery to these disease sites and Au nanoparticles further offer a particularly unique set of phys., chem. and photonic properties with which to do so. This review will highlight some recent advances, by our lab. and others, in the use of Au nanoparticles for systemic drug delivery to these malignancies and will also provide insights into their rational design, synthesis, physiol. properties and clin./preclin. applications, as well as strategies and challenges toward the clin. implementation of these constructs moving forward. [on SciFinder(R)]},
	keywords = {review gold nanoparticle targeted cancer drug delivery},
	isbn = {2041-5990},
	doi = {10.4155/tde.12.21},
	author = {Dreaden, Erik C. and Austin, Lauren and Mackey, Megan A. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A.}
}
@article {1330,
	title = {Small Molecule-Gold Nanorod Conjugates Selectively Target and Induce Macrophage Cytotoxicity towards Breast Cancer Cells},
	journal = {Small},
	volume = {8},
	number = {18},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Times Cited: 0Dreaden, Erik C. Mwakwari, Sandra C. Austin, Lauren A. Kieffer, Matthew J. Oyelere, Adegboyega K. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {2819-2822},
	isbn = {1613-6810},
	doi = {10.1002/smll.201200333},
	author = {Dreaden, E. C. and Mwakwari, S. C. and Austin, Lauren and Kieffer, M. J. and Oyelere, A. K. and El-Sayed, M. A.}
}
@article {1084,
	title = {Multimodal plasmon coupling in low symmetry gold nanoparticle pairs detected in surface-enhanced Raman scattering},
	journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
	volume = {98},
	number = {18},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Dreaden, Erik C. Near, Rachel D. Abdallah, Tamer Talaat, M. Hassan El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {May},
	abstract = {We report on surface-enhanced Raman scattering of silicon phonon vibrations from arrays of gold nanoprism pairs fabricated by electron beam lithography. We found that resonant excitation of the quadrupolar surface plasmon mode of the nanoprisms increases Raman scattering intensity from the substrate as the distance between the nanoparticle pairs decreases. Finite element modeling and plasmon coupling theory indicate that symmetry is reduced as the nanoparticles approach, resulting in increased dipole-quadrupole coupling. Plasmonic enhancement of the incident and Raman-scattered photons results from the dipolar component of the mixed plasmonic field. This effect is expected to be largest in assemblies/aggregates of nanoparticles. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3555429]},
	isbn = {0003-6951},
	doi = {10.1063/1.3555429},
	author = {Dreaden, Erik and Near, R. D. and Abdallah, T. and Talaat, M. H. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1083,
	title = {Plasmonic Enhancement of Nonradiative Charge Carrier Relaxation and Proposed Effects from Enhanced Radiative Electronic Processes in Semiconductor-Gold Core-Shell Nanorod Arrays},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry C},
	volume = {115},
	number = {13},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Dreaden, Erik C. Neretina, Svetlana Qian, Wei El-Sayed, Mostafa A. Hughes, Robert A. Preston, John S. Mascher, Peter},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {5578-5583},
	abstract = {Plasmonic field enhancement of nonradiative exciton relaxation rates in vertically aligned arrays of high aspect ratio CdTe-Au core-shell nanorods was investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy, computational electromagnetics, and kinetic modeling. Increasing shell thickness in the high aspect ratio nanorods was found to result in dramatic differences in polarization-dependent nonradiative exciton relaxation rates, which we attribute to differing mechanisms of plasmonic field enhancement associated with predominant ground- or excited-state absorption processes. These results are compared with previous investigations of low aspect ratio CdTe-Au core-shell nanorods, and overall conclusions regarding plasmonic enhancement of nonradiative relaxation rates in this system are presented. We propose that when the resonantly coupled dipolar plasmon field of the shell is polarized parallel to the ground-state absorption transition moment of the core, Auger recombination dominates carrier relaxation and slower second-order decay kinetics are observed. When contributions of the resonantly coupled plasmon field are nondipolar or orthogonal to the ground-state absorption transition moment of the core, excited-state absorption processes are believed to dominate and increasingly rapid first-order relaxation kinetics are observed. We find that these processes can vary greatly, depending on shell thickness and the orientation of the array, but are insensitive to aspect ratio. These investigations have significant implications in the design of photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices incorporating anisotropic plasmonic elements.},
	isbn = {1932-7447},
	doi = {10.1021/jp112129k},
	author = {Dreaden, Erik and Neretina, Svetlana and Qian, Wei and El-Sayed, Mostafa A and Hughes, Robert A and Preston, John S and Mascher, Peter}
}
@article {1080,
	title = {Self-Standing Crystalline TiO(2) Nanotubes/CNTs Heterojunction Membrane: Synthesis and Characterization},
	journal = {Acs Applied Materials \& Interfaces},
	volume = {3},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Hesabi, Zohreh R. Allam, Nageh K. Dahmen, Klaus Garmestani, Hamid El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {952-955},
	abstract = {In the present study, we report for the first time synthesis of TiO(2) nanotubes/CNTs heterojunction membrane. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of CNTs at 650 degrees C in a mixture of H(2)/He atmosphere led to in situ detachment of the anodically fabricated TiO(2) nanotube layers from the Ti substrate underneath. Morphological and structural evolution of TiO(2) nanotubes after CNTs deposition were investigated by field- emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses.},
	isbn = {1944-8244},
	doi = {10.1021/am200124p},
	author = {Hesabi, Z. R. and Allam, N. K. and Dahmen, K. and Garmestani, H. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1074,
	title = {Tailoring Plasmonic and Electrostatic Field Effects To Maximize Solar Energy Conversion by Bacteriorhodopsin, the Other Natural Photosynthetic System},
	journal = {Nano Letters},
	volume = {11},
	number = {9},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Yen, Chun-Wan Hayden, Steven C. Dreaden, Erik C. Szymanski, Paul El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {3821-3826},
	abstract = {We have explored the plasmonic field enhancement of current production from bacteriorhodopsin (bR) by maximizing the blue light effect, where the influx of blue photons absorbed by the long-lived M intermediate drastically shortens the time scale of the bR photocycle, leading to current enhancement. To this end, we used three approaches in our solution-based cell: proton selective Nafion membrane. (2) We maximized the plasmonic surface (1) We improved the charge carrier separation in solution through the use of a field effects by selecting the capping polymer with minimum surface field screening and best nanopartide stability. (3) We selected the plasmonic nanoparticle with the strongest plasmonic field whose surface plasmon resonance has the largest spectral overlap with the blue light absorbing M-intermediate. Theoretical models are used to explain experimental results, which show a 40 nm cuboidal nanoparticle capped with 55k PVP polymer to give the best photocurrent enhancement. Enhanced by this particle, bR in our Nafion membrane solution cell gave a photocurrent of 0.21 mu A/cm(3), which is 5000 times larger than the published results for thin film bR electrochemical cells even with an applied bias. Additional possible enhancements are proposed.},
	isbn = {1530-6984},
	doi = {10.1021/nl2018959},
	author = {Yen, C. W. and Hayden, S. C. and Dreaden, Erik and Szymanski, P. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1114,
	title = {The Dependence of the Plasmon Field Induced Nonradiative Electronic Relaxation Mechanisms on the Gold Shell Thickness in Vertically Aligned CdTe-Au Core-Shell Nanorods},
	journal = {Nano Letters},
	volume = {9},
	number = {11},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Neretina, Svetlana Dreaden, Erik C. Qian, Wei El-Sayed, Mostafa A. Hughes, Robert A. Preston, John S. Mascher, Peter},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {3772-3779},
	abstract = {The dependence of the plasmon field enhancement of the nonradiative relaxation rate of the band gap electrons in vertically aligned CdTe-Au core-shell nanorods on the plasmonic gold nanoshell thickness is examined. Increasing the thickness of the gold nanoshell from 15 to 26 nm is found to change the decay curve from being nonexponential and anisotropic to one that is fully exponential and isotropic (i.e., independent of the nanorod orientation with respect to the exciting light polarization direction). Analysis of the kinetics of the possible electronic relaxation enhancement mechanisms is carried out, and DDA simulated properties of the induced plasmonic field of the thin and thick gold nanoshells are determined. On the basis of the conclusions of these treatments and the experimental results, it is concluded that by increasing the nanoshell thickness the relaxation processes evolve from multiple enhancement mechanisms, dominated by highly anisotropic Auger processes, to mechanism(s) involving first-order excited electron ejection process(es). The former is shown to give rise to nonexponential anisotropic decays in the dipolar plasmon field of the thin nanoshell, while the latter exhibits an exponential isotropic decay in the unpolarized plasmonic field of the thick nanoshell.},
	isbn = {1530-6984},
	doi = {10.1021/nl901960w},
	author = {Neretina, Svetlana and Dreaden, Erik and Qian, Wei and El-Sayed, Mostafa A and Hughes, Robert A and Preston, John S and Mascher, Peter}
}
@article {1113,
	title = {Exciton Lifetime Tuning by Changing the Plasmon Field Orientation with Respect to the Exciton Transition Moment Direction: CdTe-Au Core-Shell Nanorods},
	journal = {Nano Letters},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Neretina, Svetlana Qian, Wei Dreaden, Erik C. El-Sayed, Mostafa A. Hughes, Robert A. Preston, John S. Mascher, Peter},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {1242-1248},
	abstract = {We studied the anisotropy of the influence of plasmonic fields, arising from the optical excitation of a gold nanoshell plasmon absorption at 770 nm, on the lifetime of the bandgap state of the CdTe core in vertically aligned CdTe-Au core-shell nanorods. The previously observed decrease in the lifetime was studied as a function of the tilt angle between the long axis of the nanorod and the electric field polarization direction of the plasmon inducing exciting light. It is observed that the strongest enhancement to the exciton relaxation rate occurs when the two axes are parallel to one another. These results are discussed in terms of the coupling between the exciton transition moment of the CdTe rod and the electric field polarization direction of the gold nanoshell plasmon at 770 nm, which was determined from theoretical modeling based on the discrete dipole approximation.},
	isbn = {1530-6984},
	doi = {10.1021/nl900183m},
	author = {Neretina, Svetlana and Qian, Wei and Dreaden, Erik and El-Sayed, Mostafa A and Hughes, Robert A and Preston, John S and Mascher, Peter}
}
@article {1118,
	title = {Tamoxifen-Poly(ethylene glycol)-Thiol Gold Nanoparticle Conjugates: Enhanced Potency and Selective Delivery for Breast Cancer Treatment},
	journal = {Bioconjugate Chemistry},
	volume = {20},
	number = {12},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Dreaden, Erik C. Mwakwari, Sandra C. Sodji, Quaovi H. Oyelere, Adegboyega K. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {2247-2253},
	abstract = {The breast cancer treatment drug tamoxifen has been widely administered for more than three decades. This small molecule competes with 17 beta-estradiol for binding to estrogen receptor, a hormone receptor upregulated in a majority of breast cancers, Subsequently initiating programmed cell death. We have synthesized a thiol-PEoylated tamoxifen derivative that can be used to selectively target and deliver plasmonic gold nanoparticles to estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells with tip to 2.7-fold enhanced drug potency in vitro. Optical microscopy/spectroscopy, tirne-dependent dose-response data, and estrogen competition studies indicate that augmented activity is due to increased rates of intracellular tamoxifen transport by nanoparticle endocytosis, rather than by passive diffusion of the free drug. Both ligand- and receptor-dependent intracellular delivery of gold nanoparticles suggest that plasma membrane localized estrogen receptor alpha may facilitate selective uptake and retention of this and other therapeutic nanoparticle conjugates. Combined targeting selectivity and enhanced potency provides opportunities for both multimodal endocrine treatment strategies and adjunctive laser photothermal therapy.},
	isbn = {1043-1802},
	doi = {10.1021/bc9002212},
	author = {Dreaden, Erik and Mwakwari, S. C. and Sodji, Q. H. and Oyelere, A. K. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1131,
	title = {Gold nanorod assisted near-infrared plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) of squamous cell carcinoma in mice},
	journal = {Cancer Letters},
	volume = {269},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Dickerson, Erin B. Dreaden, Erik C. Huang, Xiaohua El-Sayed, Ivan H. Chu, Hunghao Pushpanketh, Sujatha McDonald, John F. El-Sayed, Mostafa A.},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {57-66},
	abstract = {Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) is a minimally-invasive oncological treatment strategy in which photon energy is selectively administered and converted into heat sufficient to induce cellular hyperthermia. The present work demonstrates the feasibility of in vivo PPTT treatment of deep-tissue malignancies using easily-prepared plasmonic gold nanorods and a small, portable, inexpensive near-infrared (NIR) laser. Dramatic size decreases in squamous cell carcinoma xenografts were observed for direct (P < 0.0001) and intravenous (P < 0.0008) administration of pegylated gold nanorods in nu/nu mice. Inhibition of average tumor growth for both delivery methods was observed over a 13-day period, with resorption of >57\% of the directly-injected tumors and 25\% of the intravenously-treated tumors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	isbn = {0304-3835},
	doi = {10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.026},
	author = {Dickerson, E. B. and Dreaden, Erik and Huang, Xiaohua and El Sayed, I.H. and Chu, H. H. and Pushpanketh, S. and McDonald, J. F. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1122,
	title = {A new catalytically active colloidal platinum nanocatalyst: The multiarmed nanostar single crystal},
	journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {130},
	number = {14},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Mahmoud, Mahmoud A. Tabor, Christopher E. El-Sayed, Mostafa A. Ding, Yong Wang, Zhong Lin},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {4590-+},
	abstract = {Nanocatalysts that possess large amounts of atoms on sharp corners and edges and high indexed sites are known to be more catalytically active. We report here on a novel yet simple method to synthesize in large yields a very active platinum nanocatalyst; the multiarmed nanostar single crystal. We utilize a seed mediated method using tetrahedral nanoparticles that are also synthesized by a new and simple technique. High-resolution TEM shows that the nanostar has many arms, varying from a few to over 30, whereby even the largest ones :re found to have single-crystal structures. This strongly suggests that they are formed by a growth mechanism of the seed crystals and not by the aggregation of seed crystals, which should produce twinning planes. Due to the reduction reaction of ferricyanide by thiosulfate, the nanostars are found to have an activation energy, which is nearly 60\% of that of the tetrahedral seeds themselves, both having the same PVP capping agent. This is undoubtedly due to the multiarms with edges, corners, and the presence of high indexed facets in the nanostar catalyst.},
	isbn = {0002-7863},
	doi = {10.1021/ja710646t},
	author = {Mahmoud, M A and Tabor, C. E. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A and Ding, Y. and Wang, Z.L.}
}
@article {811,
	title = {Plasmon Field Effects on the Nonradiative Relaxation of Hot Electrons in an Electronically Quantized System: CdTe-Au Core-Shell Nanowires},
	journal = {Nano Letters},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2008},
	note = {doi: 10.1021/nl801303g},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {2410 - 2418},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	abstract = {The intense electromagnetic fields of plasmonic nanoparticles, resulting from the excitation of their localized surface plasmon oscillations, are known to enhance radiative processes. Their effect on the nonradiative electronic processes, however, is not as well-documented. Here, we report on the enhancement of the nonradiative electronic relaxation rates in CdTe nanowires upon the addition of a thin gold nanoshell, especially at excitation energies overlapping with those of the surface plasmon oscillations. Some possible mechanisms by which localized surface plasmon fields can enhance nonradiative relaxation processes of any quantized electronic excitations are proposed.The intense electromagnetic fields of plasmonic nanoparticles, resulting from the excitation of their localized surface plasmon oscillations, are known to enhance radiative processes. Their effect on the nonradiative electronic processes, however, is not as well-documented. Here, we report on the enhancement of the nonradiative electronic relaxation rates in CdTe nanowires upon the addition of a thin gold nanoshell, especially at excitation energies overlapping with those of the surface plasmon oscillations. Some possible mechanisms by which localized surface plasmon fields can enhance nonradiative relaxation processes of any quantized electronic excitations are proposed.},
	isbn = {1530-6984},
	doi = {10.1021/nl801303g},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl801303g},
	author = {Neretina, Svetlana and Qian, Wei and Dreaden, Erik and El-Sayed, Mostafa A and Hughes, Robert A and Preston, John S and Mascher, Peter}
}
@article {1132,
	title = {Time-resolved investigation of the acoustic vibration of a single gold nanoprism pair},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry C},
	volume = {112},
	number = {30},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Burgin, J. Langot, P. Del Fatti, N. Vallee, F. Huang, W. El-Sayed, M. A.},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {11231-11235},
	abstract = {The acoustic vibration of single gold nanoprism pairs on a glass substrate has been investigated in the time-domain combining a spatial modulation spectroscopy microscope with a high-sensitivity femtosecond pump-probe setup. Three modes were observed and ascribed to two in-plane and one out-of-plane vibration of the nanoprisms forming the pair, in agreement with a theoretical analysis. The periods of the two former modes with similar nature show weak (about 10\%) and well correlated pair to pair fluctuations that can be unambiguously ascribed to variation of the prism geometry. In contrast, strong fluctuations, by almost a factor of 6, of the mode damping are evidenced with no correlation with their period. This indicates large variations of the prism-substrate coupling, providing a unique way for its local investigation.},
	isbn = {1932-7447},
	doi = {10.1021/jp802365s},
	author = {Burgin, J. and Langot, P. and Del Fatti, N. and Vallee, F. and Huang, Wenyu and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1144,
	title = {Effect of the lattice crystallinity on the electron-phonon relaxation rates in gold nanoparticles},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry C},
	volume = {111},
	number = {29},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Huang, Wenyu Qian, Wei El-Sayed, Mostafa A. Ding, Yong Wang, Zhong Lin},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {10751-10757},
	abstract = {In order to study the importance of surface phonons on the electron-phonon relaxation in plasmonic nanoparticles, the effect of size, shape, and materials have recently been studied. Gold and silver nanoparticles have shown no dependence on size and shape while copper nanoparticles have shown some size dependence. This suggests that the bulk phonons, which are sensitive to the bulk-phase structure, are solely responsible for the relaxation of the hot electron in gold and silver plasmonic nanoparticles. The importance of bulk phonons should depend on the degree of crystallinity. In the present study, we have found that the electron-phonon relaxation rate decreases greatly when polycrystalline prismatic gold nanoparticles are annealed and transformed into nearly single-crystalline nanospheres. The results are explained by the presence of high-density grain boundaries with dense, high-frequency molecular type vibrations which are effective in removing the energy of the excited electrons in the polycrystalline prismatic nanoparticles.},
	isbn = {1932-7447},
	doi = {10.1021/jp0738917},
	author = {Huang, Wenyu and Qian, Wei and El-Sayed, Mostafa A and Ding, Y. and Wang, Z.L.}
}
@article {1160,
	title = {Observation of optical gain in solutions of CdS quantum dots at room temperature in the blue region},
	journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
	volume = {88},
	number = {26},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Darugar, Q Qian, W El-Sayed, MA},
	month = {Jun},
	abstract = {The optical gain dynamics has been studied for two CdS quantum dot samples dispersed in toluene at room temperature. This was carried out by using femtosecond transient absorption technique with an excitation at 400 nm and gain measurement was studied at the fluorescence maxima (440 and 460 nm). The optical gain lifetime was found to be as long as 20 ps under pump fluence as low as 0.77 mJ/cm(2). The low threshold is the result of long lifetime of electrons and holes and narrow emission bandwidth. These results suggest that CdS quantum dots in solution are excellent gain media for optically pumped high power blue lasers.},
	isbn = {0003-6951},
	doi = {10.1063/1.2217138},
	author = {Darugar, Q. and Qian, Wei and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1159,
	title = {Size-dependent ultrafast electronic energy relaxation and enhanced fluorescence of copper nanoparticles},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry B},
	volume = {110},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Darugar, Q Qian, W El-Sayed, MA Pileni, MP},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {143-149},
	abstract = {The energy relaxation of the electrons in the conduction band of 12 and 30 nm diameter copper nanoparticles in colloidal solution was investigated using femtosecond time-resolved transient spectroscopy. Experimental results show that the hot electron energy relaxation is faster in 12 nm copper nanoparticles (0.37 ps) than that in 30 nm copper nanoparticles (0.51 ps), which is explained by the size-dependent electron-surface phonon coupling. Additional mechanisms involving trapping or energy transfer processes to the denser surface states (imperfection) in the smaller nanoparticles are needed to explain the relaxation rate in the 12 nm nanoparticles. The observed fluorescence quantum yield from these nanoparticles is found to be enhanced by roughly 5 orders of magnitude for the 30 nm nanoparticles and 4 orders of magnitude for the 12 nm nanoparticles (relative to bulk copper metal). The increase in the fluorescence quantum yield is attributed to the electromagnetic enhancement of the radiative recombination of the electrons in the s-p conduction band below the Fermi level with the holes in the d bands due to the strong surface plasmon oscillation in these nanoparticles.},
	isbn = {1520-6106},
	doi = {10.1021/jp0545445},
	author = {Darugar, Q. and Qian, Wei and El-Sayed, Mostafa A and Pileni, Marie-Paule}
}
@article {1183,
	title = {Model system for growing and quantifying Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilms in situ and in real time},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {70},
	number = {8},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Donlan, RM Piede, JA Heyes, CD Sanii, L Murga, R Edmonds, P El-Sayed, I El-Sayed, MA},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {4980-4988},
	abstract = {Streptococcus pneumoniae forms biofilms, but little is known about its extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) or the kinetics of biofilm formation. A system was developed to enable the simultaneous measurement of cells and the EPS of biofilm-associated S. pneumoniae in situ over time. A biofilm reactor containing germanium coupons was interfaced to an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) germanium cell of a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) laser spectrometer. Biofilm-associated cells were recovered from the coupons and quantified by total and viable cell count methods. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy of biofilms formed on the germanium internal reflection element (IRE) of the ATR cell provided a continuous spectrum of biofilm protein and polysaccharide (a measure of the EPS). Staining of the biofilms on the IRE surface with specific fluorescent probes provided confirmatory evidence for the biofilm structure and the presence of biofilm polysaccharides. Biofilm protein and polysaccharides were detected within hours after inoculation and continued to increase for the next 141 h. The polysaccharide band increased at a substantially higher rate than did the protein band, demonstrating increasing coverage of the IRE surface with biofilm polysaccharides. The biofilm total cell counts on germanium coupons stabilized after 21 h, at approximately 10(5) cells per cm(2), while viable counts decreased as the biofilm aged. This system is unique in its ability to detect and quantify biofilm-associated cells and EPS of S. pneumoniae over time by using multiple, corroborative techniques. This approach could prove useful for the study of biofilm processes of this or other microorganisms of clinical or industrial relevance.},
	isbn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/aem.70.8.4980-4988.2004},
	author = {Donlan, R. M. and Piede, J. A. and Heyes, C D and Sanii, L. S. and Murga, R. and Edmonds, P. and El Sayed, I.H. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1189,
	title = {Why is the thermalization of excited electrons in semiconductor nanoparticles so rapid? Studies on CdSe nanoparticles},
	journal = {Chemical Physics Letters},
	volume = {373},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Darugar, Q Landes, C Link, S Schill, A El-Sayed, MA},
	month = {May},
	pages = {284-291},
	abstract = {Quantum confinement of electronic motion in semiconductor nanoparticles leads to quantization of its band continua of the bulk. The relaxation between the resulting quantized levels by electron phonon coupling was expected, but not found, to be slow due to the small phonon frequencies (phonon bottleneck). Studying the electronic relaxation from the band gap and a higher excited state in CdSe dots and rods under different perturbations suggest the importance of coupling the excited electron to the surface. The surface species act as an efficient heat bath or as electron trapping sites in the linear or nonlinear (Auger) relaxation processes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	isbn = {0009-2614},
	doi = {10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00213-6},
	author = {Darugar, Q. and Landes, Christy F. and Link, Stephan and Schill, A. W. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1225,
	title = {Probing the primary event in the photocycle of photoactive yellow protein using photochemical hole-burning technique},
	journal = {Photochemistry and Photobiology},
	volume = {72},
	number = {5},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Mascianglioli, T Devanathan, S Cusanovich, MA Tollin, G El-Sayed, MA},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {639-644},
	abstract = {Photochemical hole-burning spectroscopy was used to study the excited-state electronic structure of the 4-hydroxycinnamyl chromophore in photoactive yellow protein (PYP), This system Is known to undergo a trans-to-cis isomerization process on a femtosecond-to-picosecond time scale, similar to membrane-bound rhodopsins, and is characterized by a broad featureless absorbance at 446 nm, Resolved vibronic structure was observed for the hole-burned spectra obtained when PYP in phosphate buffer at pH 7 was frozen at low temperature and irradiated with narrow bandwidth laser light at 331 nm, The approximate homogeneous width of 752 cm(-1) could be calculated From the deconvolution of the hole-burned spectra leading to an estimated dephasing time of similar to 14 fs for the PYP excited-state structure. The resolved vibronic structure also enabled us to obtain an estimated change in the C=C stretching frequency, from 1663 cm(-1) in the ground state to similar to 1429 cm(-1) upon photoexcitation. The results obtained allowed us to speculate about the excited-state structure of PYP, We discuss the data for PYP in relation to the excited-state model proposed for the photosynthetic membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin, and use it to explain the primary event in the function of photoactive biological protein systems. Photoexcitation was also carried out at 475 nm, The vibronic structure obtained was quite different both in terms of the frequencies and Franck-Condon envelope. The origin of this spectrum was tentatively assigned.},
	isbn = {0031-8655},
	doi = {10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0639:ptpeit>2.0.co;2},
	author = {Mascianglioli, T. and Devanathan, S. and Cusanovich, M. A. and Tollin, G. and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {1247,
	title = {The effect of low and high temperature anneals on the hydrogen content and passivation of Si surface coated with SiO2 and SiN films},
	journal = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society},
	volume = {146},
	number = {5},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Ebong, A Doshi, P Narasimha, S Rohatgi, A Wang, J El-Sayed, MA},
	month = {May},
	pages = {1921-1924},
	abstract = {A detailed comparison of the passivation quality and its dependence on the low and high temperature anneals is presented for various promising Si surface passivation schemes. The passivation schemes investigated in this study include: conventional furnace oxide (CFO), rapid thermal oxide (RTO), belt line oxide (BLO), plasma deposited oxide (PDO), SiN deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), CFO/SiN, RTO/SiN, BLO/SiN, PDO/SiN, and RTO/PDO. Passivated low resistivity (1 Ohm cm) p-type silicon samples were subjected to three annealing treatments: (a) 400 degrees C in forming gas (FGA), (b) 730 degrees C in air, and (c) 850 degrees C in air, to simulate heat-treatments, which are typically used for contact anneal, front ohmic contacts, and back surface field formation, respectively, for screen printed silicon solar cells. It is found that the passivation quality of PDO, SiN, RTO, and CFO single layers improves significantly after the 400 degrees C FGA and 730 degrees C thermal cycles with RTO resulting in the lowest surface recombination velocities (S-eff) of 154 and 405 cm/s, respectively. Silicon wafers coated with belt oxide (BLO and BLO/SiN) did not show any improvement in S-eff, which remained at 5000 cm/s due to the inferior quality of BLO formed in compressed air. The oxide/ nitride stack passivation is found to be far superior to single-layer passivation resulting in S-eff Of 70 cm/s for the RTO/SiN scheme after the two high temperature anneals (850 and 730 degrees C). The hydrogen concentration measurements by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy show a greater decrease in the hydrogen content in the annealed RTO/SiN stack compared to the as-deposited SiN single layer after the 730 and 850 degrees C anneals. A combination of reduced hydrogen content and very low S-eff in the RTO/SiN stack suggests that the release of hydrogen from SiN during the anneal further passivates the RTO/Si interface underneath. (C) 1999 The Electrochemical Society. S0013-4651(98)08-117-8. All rights reserved.},
	isbn = {0013-4651},
	doi = {10.1149/1.1391866},
	author = {Ebong, A. and Doshi, P. and Narasimha, S. and Rohatgi, A. and Wang, Jianping and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
@article {865,
	title = {Studies of cation binding in ZnCl2-regenerated bacteriorhodopsin by x-ray absorption fine structures: effects of removing water molecules and adding Cl- ions.},
	journal = {Biophysical journal},
	volume = {73},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997 Oct},
	pages = {2097-105},
	abstract = {The binding of Zn2+ in Zn2+-regenerated bacteriorhodopsin (bR) was studied under various conditions by x-ray absorption fine structures (XAFS). The 0.9:1 and 2:1 Zn2+:bR samples gave similar XAFS spectra, suggesting that Zn2+ might have only one strong binding site in bR. It was found that in aqueous bR solution, Zn2+ has an average of six oxygen or nitrogen ligands. Upon drying, two ligands are lost, suggesting the existence of two weakly bound water ligands near the cation-binding site in bacteriorhodopsin. When excess Cl- ions were present before drying in the Zn2+-regenerated bR samples, it was found that two of the ligands were replaced by Cl- ions in the dried film, whereas two remain unchanged. The above observations suggest that Zn2+ has three types of ligands in regenerated bR (referred to as types I, II, and III). Type I ligands are strongly bound. These ligands cannot be removed by drying or by exchanging with Cl- ions. Type II ligands cannot be removed by drying, but can be replaced by Cl- ligands. Type III ligands are weakly bound to the metal cation and are most likely water molecules that can be removed by evaporation under vacuum or by drying with anhydrous CaSO4. The results are discussed in terms of the possible structure of the strongly binding site of Zn2+ in bR.},
	keywords = {Bacteriorhodopsins, Binding Sites, Biophysical Phenomena, Biophysics, Cations, Chlorides, Kinetics, Ligands, Spectrum Analysis, Water, X-Rays, Zinc, Zinc Compounds},
	issn = {0006-3495},
	doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78240-7},
	author = {Zhang, K and Song, Li and Dong, J and El-Sayed, Mostafa A}
}
